The phylogeny of diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) and the evolution of sexual conflict

A model of evolution based on conflicts of interest between the sexes over mating decisions is examined in relation to diving beetles (Dytiscidae). The model predicts the following evolutionary sequence: (1) cost to females of mating increases, (2) females evolve behavioural resistance to male mating attempts, (3) males evolve devices to overcome female resistance, and (4) females evolve morphological counter-adaptations to the male devices. This model is tested using species of Dytiscidae, in which (1) some species have a very long mating duration while others mate quickly, (2) females of some species resist male mating attempts by swift and erratic swimming when seized by a male, (3) males of some species possess a grasping device in the form of sucker-shaped setae on the legs used to adhere to the pronota or elytra of females prior to mating, and (4) females of some species have a modified dorsal cuticle with irregular sculpturing which appears to interfere with the male adhesive setae. The predicted order of evolution of some of these features was tested in a cladistic analysis of 52 taxa in Dytiscidae and Hygrobiidae using characters from adult and larval morphology and a portion of the gene wingless . The combined analysis resulted in nine most parsimonious cladograms. The consensus cladogram of these indicates that male sucker setae arose a single time in a clade of Dytiscinae. Nested within this clade are five groups with an independently derived, modified dorsal cuticle in females. This pattern of characters in Dytiscinae is consistent with the prediction implied by the model of sexual selection. The utility of wingless as a marker for phylogenetic analysis of diving beetles is discussed, and the resulting phylogeny is compared with previous analyses and current classification.  © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 79 , 359–388.     

沙木蓼和沙枣对地下水位变化的生理生态响应I.叶片养分、叶绿素、可溶性糖和淀粉的变化

 在甘肃民勤沙生植物园内利用植物蒸腾耗水量观测场,研究了两种优势旱生植物沙木蓼(Atraphaxis frutescens)和沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia)叶片中的叶绿素、可溶性糖、淀粉和N、P、K含量等对不同地下水深度(1～3.4 m)的响应。结果表明：1) 1.4 m、2.4 m和3.4 m 3种不同的地下水深度处理,产生了3种差异显著的土壤水分梯度;2) 地下水深度的变化导致了这两种旱生植物叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量、叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值等的显著变化(p<0.01);3) 地下水深度的增加引起了两种植物叶片可溶性糖含量的升高和淀粉含量的降低;4) 地下水深度的增加引起了两种植物叶片中N、P、K含量的降低;5) 不同的地下水深度引起沙枣和沙木蓼叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量、叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值、N、P、K含量、可溶性糖和淀粉增加或减少的程度不同。沙枣是非豆科固氮植物,两者的差异是否与固氮作用相关还有待于进一步研究。     

白洋淀鱼类组成现状

目前白洋淀共有鱼类33种,隶属于7目12科30属,自然鱼类种群呈现低龄、小型化,经济鱼类人工养殖业发展较快,但应有计划地给予节制。本文对优势种之一白鲦鱼的生物学特性做了重点研究,总体情况不如1991年。结合近年来调查所得的资料,总结得出白洋淀鱼类种群组成的变化及影响其变化的环境因素,从而对白洋淀环境的保护与利用、白洋淀的鱼类资源的可持续发展提出建议。     

中国近海牡蛎系统分类研究的现状和对策

探讨了中国近海沿岸牡蛎分类的诸多疑难和热点问题,回顾了国内外包括贝类等动物的分子系统发生学研究的主要进展,分析了中国近海牡蛎系统分类目前存在的问题,重点阐述了利用分子标记等手段解决形态相似种的鉴定和种系发生关系等问题的巨大潜力,报道了利用分子标记进行牡蛎分类研究所取得的最新进展。预期经典分类学和分子系统发生学研究的交叉综合,将大力推动中国近海牡蛎的系统分类和系统发生研究的发展。     

不同烟草品种叶下表皮微形态学特征的研究

利用扫描电镜及光学显微镜对烤烟、晒烟及野生烟共29个品种叶下表皮微形态学特征进行了观察,发现相同类型的烟草品种间表现出一些共同特征,但不同类型的烟草品种间其叶下表皮微形态学特征又存在一定的差异。烤烟气孔外拱盖内缘较丰富,晒烟次之,野生烟在所观察的品种中只有1种类型;烤烟气孔密度和长度的变幅比较大,晒烟则比较稳定;烤烟、晒烟细胞间多有突起,保卫细胞极区常见“T”型加厚,绝大多数有角质环边;而所观察的两个野生烟品种均无细胞间突起,无保卫细胞极区加厚,亦无角质环边。这些观察结果为烟草分类研究提供了有价值的参考依据。同时本文还探讨了烟草亲本与子代之间在叶下表皮微形态学特征上的关联性。     

不同营养条件下斑玉蕈菌丝生长及产酶特性

分析测定了不同营养条件下斑玉蕈菌丝形态特征、生长速度及产酶规律。低碳氮盐培养基上菌丝生长速度最快,但其菌丝非常稀疏,边缘不整齐,在整个生长阶段酶活力(包括漆酶、锰过氧化物酶、木素过氧化物酶、木聚糖酶、纤维素酶)较低,营养不足对该菌菌丝生长速度影响不明显,但对菌丝形态和酶活有很大的影响;低氮条件下最先产生木质素过氧化物酶,说明限氮条件可以刺激木质素过氧化物酶的产生;高无机盐条件下最先产生漆酶和锰过氧化物酶,但菌丝生长速度较慢,酶活性比较低,浓度过高会影响菌丝生长。结果表明,不同的营养条件对斑玉蕈的菌丝生长及多种酶活性有很大影响,这为斑玉蕈改变营养条件调节菌丝生长速度、菌丝形态以及基质降解提供了理论依据,同时对斑玉蕈栽培过程中基质的高效利用、缩短生产周期、降低生产成本具有重要的指导意义。     

Comparative analysis of DNA polymorphisms and phylogenetic relationships among Syzygium cumini Skeels based on phenotypic characters and RAPD technique

The Indian black berry (Syzygium cumini Skeels) has a great nutraceutical and medicinal properties. As in other fruit crops, the fruit characteristics are important attributes for differentiation were also determined for different accessions of S. cumini. The fruit weight, length, breadth, length: breadth ratio, pulp weight, pulp content, seed weight and pulp: seed ratio significantly varied in different accessions. Molecular characterization was carried out using PCR based RAPD technique. Out of 80 RAPD primers, only 18 primers produced stable polymorphisms that were used to examine the phylogenetic relationship. A sum of 207 loci were generated out of which 201 loci found polymorphic. The average genetic dissimilarity was 97 per cent among jamun accessions. The phylogenetic relationship was also determined by principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) that explained 46.95 per cent cumulative variance. The two-dimensional PCoA analysis showed grouping of the different accessions that were plotted into four sub-plots, representing clustering of accessions. The UPGMA (r = 0.967) and NJ (r = 0.987) dendrogram constructed based on the dissimilarity matrix revealed a good degree of fit with the cophenetic correlation value. The dendrogram grouped the accessions into three main clusters according to their eco-geographical regions which given useful insight into their phylogenetic relationships.     

生态工业园共生网络的脆弱性

工业生态系统的稳定可持续运行是生态工业园区实现环境效益、经济效益和社会效益的重要保障,对生态工业共生网络脆弱性分析是工业生态学领域值得探讨的重要问题。运用复杂网络理论,从网络拓扑结构出发,论证该工业园具有小世界性和无标度性,为网络脆弱性分析奠定基础;通过攻击负载最大节点,利用网络效率和最大连通子图对网络的脆弱性进行分析,从而衡量节点失效对整个网络造成的破坏性。指出复杂网络在生态工业园共生网络中进一步研究的方向。     

设施黄瓜育成品种果实外观品质的遗传多样性分析

对我国新育成的不同生态类型的138个设施黄瓜品种的19个果实外观性状进行了调查分析,研究其遗传多样性。结果表明,参试品种质量性状的遗传多样性指数都小于数量性状,不同生态类型黄瓜品种果实外观性状的遗传多样性指数为华北型(1.33)>华南型(1.25)>欧洲温室型(1.0)。质量性状的遗传多样性指数为华南型(0.91)>华北型(0.65)>欧洲温室型(0.48);数量性状的遗传多样性指数为华北型(1.94)>华南型(1.56)>欧洲温室型(1.47)。华南型品种果实数量性状的变异系数均高于华北型和欧洲温室型品种。主坐标轴分析(PCO)将所有种质划分为3个区组,即1区为华北型种质优势区、2区为华北型华南型和欧洲温室型种质混合分布区、3区为华南型种质区。PCO结果表明,1区和2区发生了基因渗透。对交流区域中华北型品种自交分离,后代中出现的稀刺瘤和光皮种质的情况进一步验证了基因渗透的结果。参照育成品种的果实性状信息对黄瓜以后的育种工作提出了建议。